一、基于电子邮件发送:
电子邮件发送(1)服务器使用SMTP协议将电子邮件提交至TCP端口25,或由本地客户端通过/usr/bin/sendmail程序进行提交。如果该MTA是最终目标位置,邮件将传递至MDA。否则,将使用MX记录在DNS中查找下一个MTA,并使用SMTP进行转发。(2)MDA:“邮件发送代理”。MDA将邮件发送至收件人的本地邮件存储位置(默认情况下是/var/spool/mail/user)。Postfix提供自己的MDA,以发送至基于文件的本地默认邮件存储位置/usr/libexec/postfix/local.(3)转发:电子邮件服务器(MTA)将提交的邮件转发至另一个服务器,以进行发送(4)排队:失败的发送或转发尝试排队等待,并由MTA定义重试。(默认情况下,Postfix每小时执行此操作一次(5)拒绝:在首次提交期间,电子邮件被电子邮件服务器拒绝(6)退回:远程服务器接受电子邮件以进行发送以后,又将该电子邮件退回给始发电子邮件服务器和/或用户(7)电子邮件以进行发送以后,又将该电子邮件退回给始发电子邮件服务器和/或用户
Postfix由postfix RPM包提供,并通过postfix服务脚本控制。它是一个由多个协同操作程序构成的模块
化程序,它的组件由master进程控制。Postfix的主配置文件是/etc/postfix/main.cf,可以使用文本编辑器或postconf命令进行编辑。postconf命令还可用于确定Postfix的所有当前和默认配置设置或逐项确定这些设置。默认情况下,Postfix仅侦听来自本地主机的传入电子邮件。若要重新配置postfix以接收从远程主机发送的本地邮件,必须在/etc/postfix/main.cf中设置inet_interfaces = all对电子邮件进行故障排除时,将在/var/log/maillog中保留所有与邮件相关的操作日志,其中包括关于被事件和成功事件的信息。mailq命令(或postqueue -p)显示已排队的所有传出邮件的列表。若要尝试再次立即发送所有已排队的邮件,可以运行postfix flush命令(或postqueue -f);否则,postfix将大约每小时尝试重新发送一次,直至邮件被接受或过期。实验环境: 服务器端server: willis.com 172.25.254.1 客户端desktop: desktop.com 172.25.254.2 实验内容: 1.邮件远程发送 2.邮件别名 3.邮件群发 4.空壳邮件服务搭建 5.不同服务器之间邮件传送(DNS邮件解析) 6.出栈地址伪装 7.客户端主机名/地址限制 :(通过IP限制发件) 8.通过发件人地址进行限制 :(通过地址限制发件) 9.通过收件人地址进行过滤 :(限制收件) 1.邮件远程发送 1.1服务端 1.1-1 systemctl stop firewalld yum install postfix 1.1-2vim /etc/postfix/main.cf mydomain = willis.com #收件方看到的方邮件方主机名 myorigin = $mydomain inet_interfaces = all #开启接口 #inet_interfaces = localhost #关闭只允许本地访问 mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost # 1.1-3.systemctl restart postfix netstat antlpe |grep master #查看端口 [root@willis ~]# netstat -antple |grep master tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 43632 2497/master tcp6 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN 0 43633 2497/master 1.2.远程发送端(客户端) [root@desktop ~]# yum install telnet -y [root@desktop ~]# telnet 172.25.254.1 25Trying 172.25.254.1...Connected to 172.25.254.1.Escape character is '^]'.220 linux.com ESMTP Postfixehlo hello250-linux.com250-PIPELINING250-SIZE 10240000250-VRFY250-ETRN250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES250-8BITMIME250 DSN 2.邮件别名 2.1.vim /etc/aliases 最后添加 admin: root ###给root一个别名为admin 2.2.postalias /etc/aliases ###重读别名文件 2.3.systemctl restart postfix 2.4.id admin ###可查看到admin用户不存在 mail admin ###相当于给root用户发送邮件 mail ###查看root用户的邮件 [root@willis ~]# vim /etc/aliases [root@willis ~]# postalias /etc/aliases [root@willis ~]# systemctl restart postfix.service [root@willis ~]# id willis id: willis: no such user [root@willis ~]# mail willis Subject: hello hello , my name is willis,how are you. . EOT [root@willis ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 10:36 18/567 "hello" & 1 Message 1: From root@willis.com Fri Sep 9 10:36:54 2016 Return-Path:X-Original-To: willis Delivered-To: willis@willis.com Date: Fri, 09 Sep 2016 10:36:54 +0800 To: willis@willis.com Subject: hello User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii From: root@willis.com (root) Status: R hello , my name is willis,how are you. & q Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root 3.邮件群发 1.vim /etc/postfix/moreuser root student 2.vim /etc/aliases 最后添加 more: :include:/etc/postfix/moreuser 3.postalias /etc/aliases 4.systemctl restart postfix 5.mail more ###群发邮件 mail ###查看root用户的邮件 mail -u student ###查看student用户的邮件 [root@willis ~]# >/var/spool/mail/root [root@willis ~]# useradd student [root@willis ~]# vim /etc/postfix/moreuser root student [root@willis ~]# vim /etc/aliases [root@willis ~]# postalias /etc/aliases [root@willis ~]# systemctl restart postfix.service [root@willis ~]# mail more Subject: hello-world hello world. . EOT [root@willis ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 10:42 21/661 "hello-world" & q Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root [root@willis ~]# mail -u student Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/mail/student": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 10:42 21/664 "hello-world" & q Held 1 message in /var/mail/student 4.空壳邮件服务搭建 4.1.在desktop(另外一台仅中转邮件的服务器,空壳端)上 postconf -e "inet_interfaces = all" postconf -e "mydomain = willis.com" postconf -e 'myorigin = $mydomain' postconf -e "mydestination = " postconf -e "relayhost = 172.25.254.1" postconf -e "local_transport = error:local delivery disabled " systemctl restart postfix.service(附注:火墙要关闭systemctl stop firewalld selinux要置0 setenforce 0 ) [root@desktop ~]# postconf -e "mydomain = willis.com" [root@desktop ~]# postconf -e 'myorigin = $mydomain' [root@desktop ~]# postconf -e "mydestination = " [root@desktop ~]# postconf -e "relayhost = 172.25.254.1" [root@desktop ~]# postconf -e "local_transport = error:local delivery disabled " [root@desktop ~]# systemctl restart postfix.service 4.2.在主服务器server上 postconf -e "mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 172.25.254.0/24" #接受来自那个网段的邮件 systemctl restart postfix.service(附注:火墙要关闭systemctl stop firewalld selinux要置0 setenforce 0 ) [root@willis ~]# postconf -e "mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 172.25.254.0/24" You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root [root@willis ~]# systemctl restart postfix.service 4.3.实验验证 在desktop(另外一台仅中转邮件的服务器)上(> /var/log/maillog ###清空邮件日志) mail root ###发送文件[root@desktop ~]# >/var/log/maillog [root@desktop ~]# mail root Subject: beautiful world Threr are many beautiful things. . EOT [root@desktop ~]# mail No mail for root 在主服务器server上( > /var/spool/mail/root ###清空邮件) mail ###查看文件 [root@willis ~]# >/var/spool/mail/root [root@willis ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 10:54 21/756 "beautiful world" & q Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root 5.不同服务器之间的邮件传送(DNS邮件解析记录) 将前面做实验的环境恢复到初始状态。 vim /etc/postfix/main.cf mydomain = willis.com myorigin = $mydomain inet_interfaces = all #inet_interfaces = localhost mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost 5-1server端配置dns hostnamectl set-hostname mail.willis.com 安装DNS:yum install bind -y 1)vim /etc/resolv.conf search willis.com nameserver 172.25.254.12)vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zoneszone "willis.com" IN { type master; file "willis.com.zone"; allow-update { none; }; }; zone "redhat.com" IN { type master; file "redhat.com.zone"; allow-update { none; }; };3)cd /var/named/ cp -p named.localhost willis.com.zone4)vim willis.com.zone$TTL 1D @ IN SOA dns.willis.com. root. ( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS dns.willis.com. dns A 172.25.254.1 willis.com. MX 1 172.25.254.1.5)cp -p willis.com.zone redhat.com.zone vim redhat.com.zone$TTL 1D @ IN SOA dns.redhat.com. root. ( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS dns.redhat.com. dns A 172.25.254.1 redhat MX 1 172.25.254.2. 6)systemctl start named 5-2 . desktop端配置 hostnamectl set-hostname mail.redhat.com 1)vim /etc/resolv.conf search redhat.com nameserver 172.25.254.1 2)测试 mail root@willis.com mail root@redhat.com [root@mail ~]# mail root@willis.com Subject: hello-willis hello . you are a good boy. . EOT [root@mail ~]# mail root@redhat.com Subject: hello goog boy Are you ok now? . EOT You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root [root@mail ~]# mail [root@mail ~]# mail root@redhat.com Subject: hello good boy. Are you OK now? . EOT [root@mail ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 12:24 18/569 "hello good boy." & 1 Message 1: From root@redhat.com Fri Sep 9 12:24:07 2016 Return-Path: X-Original-To: root@redhat.com Delivered-To: root@redhat.com Date: Fri, 09 Sep 2016 12:24:07 +0800 To: root@redhat.com Subject: hello good boy. User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii From: root@redhat.com (root) Status: R Are you OK now? 6.出栈地址伪装 6.1服务器端(伪装端) vim /etc/postfix/generic 增加 root@willis.com admin@hello.com postmap generic ###生成generic.db文件 postconf -d | grep generic postconf -e "smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic" systemctl restart postfix.service 测试 mail root@redhat.com [root@willis postfix]# mail root@redhat.com Subject: hello. 你好呀 . EOT 6.2 接受端 [root@mail ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 root Fri Sep 9 12:47 21/733 "hello." & 1 Message 1: From admin@hello.com Fri Sep 9 12:47:10 2016 Return-Path: X-Original-To: root@redhat.com Delivered-To: root@redhat.com Date: Fri, 09 Sep 2016 12:47:11 +0800 To: root@redhat.com Subject: hello. User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 From: admin@hello.com (root) Status: R 你好呀 7.客户端主机名/地址限制 :(通过IP限制发件) postconf -e "smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access" vim /etc/postfox/main.cf smtpd_client_restrictions = check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access, vim /etc/postfox/access 192.168.0.4 REJECT 192.168.0 REJECT postmap access systemctl restart postfix 8.通过发件人地址进行限制 :(通过地址限制发件) postconf -e "smtpd_sender_restrictions = check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/sender" vim /etc/postfox/main.cf smtpd_sender_restrictions = check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/sender vim /etc/postfix/sender user@exmaple.com REJECT(OK、RELAY) postmap sender systemctl restart postfix9.通过收件人地址进行过滤 :(限制收件) postconf -e "smtpd_recipient_restrictions = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/recipient" vim /etc/postfox/main.cf smtpd_recipient_restrictions = check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/recipient vim /etc/postfix/recipient user@example.com REJECT(OK、RELAY,DISCARDED) postmap recipient